123 résultats pour "the"

• THE TRANSCENDENTAL ANALYTIC: THE SYSTEM OF PRINCIPLES - KANT

  None the less, Kant's exploration of the principles underlying our judgements is of the highest interest. A priori judgements, we recall, may be analytic or synthetic. The highest principle of analytic judgements is the principle of non-contradiction: a self-contradictory judgement is void, and the mark of an analytic judgement is that the contradiction of it is self-contradictory. But the principle of non-contradiction will not take us beyond the field of analytic propositions: it is a necessar...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: The Doubt and the Cogito - DESCARTES

  Descartes insisted that the first task in philosophy is to rid oneself of all prejudice by calling in doubt all that can be doubted. The second task of the philosopher, having raised these doubts, is to prevent them leading to scepticism. This strategy comes out clearly in Descartes' Meditations. As the title suggests, the work is not intended to be read as an academic treatise. It is meant to be followed in the frame of mind of a religious retreat, such as St Ignatius Loyola's Spiritual Exe...

• Aristippus the Elder

  Aristippus the Elder (c.435-c.355 BC) Aristippus of Cyrene was a member of Socrates' entourage who after Socrates' death (399 BC) founded the Cyrenaic school. He was primarily interested in practical ethics. He focused on the concepts of pleasure and pain, and classed them as bodily motions of which we are conscious. He considered pleasure a major component of happiness, but also attributed intrinsic value to virtue and emphasized the importance of study and exercise as means to self-control. Ar...

• THE MATERIAL WORLD - DESCARTES

  Descartes' Meditations brought him fame throughout Europe. He entered into correspondence and controversy with most of the learned men of his time, especially through the intermediary of a learned Franciscan, Marin Mersenne. Some of his friends began to teach his views in universities; and in the Principles of Philosophy he set out his metaphysics and his physics in the form of a textbook. Other professors, seeing their Aristotelian system threatened, subjected the new doctrines to violent attac...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Albert the Great

  Albert the Great (1200-80) Albert the Great was the first scholastic interpreter of Aristotle's work in its entirety, as well as being a theologian and preacher. He left an encyclopedic body of work covering all areas of medieval knowledge, both in philosophy (logic, ethics, metaphysics, sciences of nature, meteorology, mineralogy, psychology, anthropology, physiology, biology, natural sciences and zoology) and in theology (biblical commentaries, systematic theology, liturgy and sermons). His ph...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: THE PHAEDo of Plato

  THE PHAEDo The dialogue with which Plato concludes his account of Socrates' last days is called the Phaedo, after the name of the narrator, a citizen of Parmenides' city of Elea, who claims, with his friends Simmias and Cebes, to have been present with Socrates at his death. The drama begins as news arrives that the sacred ship has returned from Delos, which brings to an end the stay of execution. Socrates' chains are removed, and he is allowed a final visit from his weeping wife Xanthippe with...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: THE THEORY OF IDEAS of PLATO

  THE THEORY OF IDEAS of PLATO Plato's theory arises as follows. Socrates, Simmias, and Cebes are all called ‘men'; they have it in common that they are all men. Now when we say ‘Simmias is a man' does the word ‘man' stand for something in the way that the word ‘Simmias' stands for the individual man Simmias? If so, what? Is it the same thing as the word ‘man' stands for in the sentence ‘Cebes is a man'? Plato's answer is yes: in each case in which such an expression occurs it stands for the same...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: THE SCHOOL OF PARMENIDES

  THE SCHOOL OF PARMENIDES The philosophical scene is very different when we turn to Parmenides, who was born in the closing years of the sixth century. Though probably a pupil of Xenophanes, Parmenides spent most of his life not in Ionia but in Italy, in a town called Elea, seventy miles or so south of Naples. He is said to have drawn up an excellent set of laws for his city; but we know nothing of his politics or political philosophy. He is the first philosopher whose writing has come down to us...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: THE EUTHYPHRO OF PLATO

  THE EUTHYPHRO OF PLATO After the trial portrayed in the Apology, there was a delay before sentence of death was carried out. A sacred ship had set out on its annual ceremonial voyage to the i s l a n d o f D e l o s, a n d u n t i l i t r e t u r n e d t o A t h e n s t h e t a k i n g o f h u m an life was ta b o o . P l a t o h a s re pres ente d t h e s e d a y s b etween conde m n a t i o n a n d e x ecutio n i n a pair of unforgettable dialogues, the Crito and the Phaedo. No one knows how m...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: THE CRito of Plato

  THE CRito of Plato The Crito is a much easier dialogue to read. Socrates is now in prison, waiting for the execution of his sentence. A number of his friends, led by Crito, have devised a plan for him to escape and flee to Thessaly. The plan had a good chance of success, but Socrates would have no part in it. Life was only worth striving for if it was a good life; and life purchased by disobedience to the laws was not a life worth living. Even if he has been wronged, he should not render evil fo...

• The Wall Street Crash of 1929 : the end of the «Roaring Twenties»

  As we know in history context is the first key of understanding. Thus it’s impossible to understand the Roosevelt years and the «new deal» without knowing what happened in 1929. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 : the end of the «Roaring Twenties» The context of the Roaring Twenties: As we all know WWI is a turning point in the history of the world and in the history in the US. The “Rule Britannia” period is over and on could say that the “Rule America” period is starting. Indeed the US took a...

• Blowback : Iran, the Ayatollahs and the CIA – Mehdi Hasan, The Intercept (2018)

  Blowback : Iran, the Ayatollahs and the CIA – Mehdi Hasan, The Intercept (2018) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyHpVZoMIbc Ever since the Revolution of 1979, U.S. presidents have viewed the Islamic Republic of Iran, under the rule of the ayatollahs, as a threat and as an enemy, and the feeling's pretty mutual. Barak Obama, former U.S. President: “Iran's leaders have shown only a clenched fist.” 5 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, former President of Iran: “Look at America and England! Wherever ther...

• Is there one side of the coin in the myth of the frontier?

  Portfolio thématique n°3 Is there only one side of the coin in the Myth of the Frontier ? During many centuries, Europeans colonized a new territory they had discovered, what we call nowadays the United States of America. Nevertheless, it was not a desert land and was actually peopled by many tribes, the Native Americans. Coming from the East, what the Pioneers wanted was to expand the land they owned toward the West where they were stopped by the Indians. Therefore, the Myth of the F...

• Sujet d'oral: Assess the role of totalitarianism in the collapse of global peace in the late 1930s

  Assess the role of totalitarianism in the collapse of global peace in the late 1930s I want us to delve into a pivotal moment in history: the collapse of global peace in the late 1930s. At the heart of this turbulent period lay the rise of totalitarianism, which played a significant role in shattering the fragile peace that had followed the First World War. Totalitarianism-a form of government in which the state has no limits in authority and does whatever it wants-was articulated after WWII...

• CHAPTER 15 THE WAR OF THE UNION

  CHAPTER 15 THE WAR OF THE UNION https://www.youtube.com › watch Content I – THE CAUSES OF THE WAR II - END OF THE WAITING GAME III- FOUR YEARS OF FIGHTING IV- AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION In U.S. history, the conflict (1861–1865) between the northern States (the Union) and the southern United States that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy. It is generally known in the South as the War Between the States and is also called the War of...

• How do social media platforms influence the body perceptions of young people through the promotion of unrealistic beauty standards and body positivity and what are the consequences?

  ● How do social media platforms influence the body perceptions of young people through the promotion of unrealistic beauty standards and body positivity and what are the consequences? Social media platforms play a significant role in shaping the body perceptions of young people through the promotion of both unrealistic beauty standards and body positivity. On one hand, these platforms inundate users with curated images of flawless bodies, often achieved through filters, editing, and sel...

• From the US crisis to the World crisis

  From the US crisis to the World crisis I/ A) Capitalism = golden age with the development of industrial society. It promised shareholders rapid gains and ever-rising share prices. 1920s, stock market prices = intense financial speculation. XX : the US = a dynamic country, but wealth poorly distributed. Industry was booming but American industry in a post-war overproduction Thursday 24 October 1929, NYSE + stock prices plummeted, speculative bubble burst + share prices fell by almost 29% i...

• Analyse du Film "The Cross and the mill)

  1 Présentation 18 mars Table des matières 1. Introduction Tableau : Breughel l’Ancien, Le portement de croix (1564) : données essentielles Film : The mill and the cross, Lech Majewski (2011) : données essentielles 2. Pistes d’analyses et de ré exions Trois manières d’appréhender le hors-champ Le cadre-objet au cinéma L’espace « cinématico-pictural » en tant qu’espace de création hors-cadre - cadre-limite Cadre-fenêtre comme « ouverture sur la vue et l’imaginaire » ? 3. E...

• GIVE YOUR OPINION ON THE VIDEO OF THE TRAILER 'WALLS'

  1G8 COURS GIVE YOUR OPINION ON THE VIDEO OF THE TRAILER 'WALLS' link video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yo9OCa-kwPc The document is the trailer of the film ‘walls”. I think this trailer is shocking because we can see a guard shooting a migrant. Millions of immigrants try to cross the border every year and their life is like a surviving game. We can imagine their harsh/difficult/awful living conditions. Unit 2 : WALLS APART Question : How are walls used to keep us apart ? Final tas...

• The Battle of the Bogside : 12 august 1969 – 14 august 1969

  The Battle of the Bogside : 12 august 1969 – 14 august 1969 The Battle of the Bogside refers to three days of riots that took place in Derry, Northern Ireland, from August 12 to 14, 1969. These riots opposed the Catholic population of the Bogside district to the RUC. These riots were provoked by a protest march taking place near the Bogside: the Catholics then barricaded themselves in protest against the demonstrators... British Army deployed to Irlande du Nord to restore control; Free D...

• Hors-champ et histoire de l’art. Analyse du film : « The Mill and the Cross » (2011)

  1 Séminaire transdisciplinaire. Hors-champ et histoire de l’art. Analyse du lm : « The Mill and the Cross » (2011) Master en cultures et pensées cinématographiques. Année académique 2021-2022. Professeure : Natacha Pfei er. ff fi Travail réalisé par Astrid Flamion. 2 Table des matières. 1. Quelques mots d’introduction. 2. Considérations générales. 2.1.Tableau : Breughel l’Ancien, Le portement de croix (1564). 2.2. Film : Lech Majewski, The mill and the cross (...

• The impact of social media on our societies through the changes in lifestyles, diversity and human rights.

  B00707265 The impact of social media on our societies through the changes in lifestyles, diversity and human rights. Societies have been existing for a long time. There are signs from complex societies that existed a millennium before ours (Breunig, July 2012). Today, however, they are becoming more diverse and bigger. Physical boundaries are being pushed and cultures are mixing themselves. A higher variety of elements are affecting our civilizations. Changes in mentality and interests...

• “The history of men’s opposition to women’s emancipation is more interesting perhaps than the story of that emancipation itself.” V.W

  “The history of men’s opposition to women’s emancipation is more interesting perhaps than the story of that emancipation itself.” V.W This quotation of Virginia whoolf voices women’s struggle over the times, indeed the feminist author is trying to make us realize , the word of the author sheds light upon how women have been treated since the beginning of the humanity. Nowadays, the woman issue has become an important matter in today’s society. Indeed, the women are always being critized,...

• Byzantine philosophy

  Byzantine philosophy In Byzantium from the ninth century through to the fifteenth century, philosophy as a discipline remained the science of fundamental truths concerning human beings and the world. Philosophy, the 'wisdom from without', was invariably contrasted with the 'philosophy from within', namely theology. The view that philosophy is 'the handmaiden of theology', which the Greek Church Fathers derived from Philo and the Alexandrian school of theology, was not the dominant position in By...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Alexander of Aphrodisias

  Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. c. AD 200) The Peripatetic philosopher Alexander was known to posterity as the commentator on Aristotle, until Averroes took over this title. His commentaries eclipsed most of those of his predecessors, which now survive only in scattered quotations. Used by Plotinus, Alexander's commentaries were the basis for subsequent work on Aristotle by Neoplatonist commentators, and even though some themselves survive only in quotations by these later writers, Alexander's int...

• Bernard of Tours

  Bernard of Tours (fl. 1147, d. before 1178) Bernard of Tours, better known as Bernardus Silvestris, was closely acquainted with the major developments in science and theology which took place in the mid-twelfth century. His major work, the Cosmographia, an allegorical account of the creation of the universe and humankind, is dedicated to the philosopher-theologian Thierry of Chartres, who was probably also his teacher. However, Bernard himself was best known as a poet, and he seems to have made...

• Cattaneo, Carlo

  Cattaneo, Carlo (1801-69) The figurehead of the Italian democratic movement prior to the unification of Italy, Carlo Cattaneo developed a theory of federalism as a practice of self-government, envisaging a United States of Italy. He identified the bourgeoisie as the most dynamic force in contemporary history and regarded scientific culture as the engine of progress. Often dubbed the first Italian positivist, he perceived empirical philosophy as a kind of synthesis of all the sciences, but also s...

• Colle d'anglais sur les paquebots

  The "Wonder of the Seas", the largest cruise ship in the world, has left Saint-Nazaire. Source : https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/transports/en-images-saintnazaire-depart-du-wonder-seas-plus-gros-paquebot-du-monde-1636125829

• Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila

  Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila The Mu'tazila - literally 'those who withdraw themselves' - movement was founded by Wasil bin 'Ata' in the second century AH (eighth century AD). Its members were united in their conviction that it was necessary to give a rationally coherent account of Islamic beliefs. In addition to having an atomistic view of the universe, they generally held to five theological principles, of which the two most important were the unity of God and divine justice. The former led them to...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: PLATO'S REPUBLIC

  PLATO'S REPUBLIC Plato relied on the Theory of Ideas not only in the area of logic and metaphysics, but also in the theory of knowledge and in the foundations of morality. To see the many different uses to which he put it in the years of his maturity, we cannot do better than to consider in detail his most famous dialogue, The Republic. The official purpose of the dialogue is to seek a definition of justice, and the thesis which it propounds is that justice is the health of the soul. But that an...

• Brahmo Samaj

  Brahmo Samaj The Brahmo (or Brahma) Samaj (‘Society of Brahma') is the name of a theistic society founded by Raja Rammohun Roy in Calcutta in 1828. It advocated reform, and eventually abolition, of the traditional caste system, as well as legislation aimed at improving the social status of women and greater protection of children. Also dedicated to Hindu religious reform, the Brahmo Samaj stressed a monotheistic doctrine with a policy of tolerance and respect for all major religions of the world...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Anselm of Canterbury

  Anselm of Canterbury The next major figure in the Western intellectual tradition and the dominant thinker of the late eleventh century is A nselm of C anterbury.74 M arenbon arrives at an ambivalent judgement in his case, on one hand denying him the title of ‘philosopher' because his argumentation does not arrive finally at its conclusions but assumes them from the outset, and on the other conceding it in recognition of his contributions to the study of the language—thought relation and of the...

• Artistic forgery

  Artistic expression Many kinds of psychological state can be expressed in or by works of art. But it is the artistic expression of emotion that has figured most prominently in philosophical discussions of art. Emotion is expressed in pictorial, literary and other representational works of art by the characters who are depicted or in other ways presented in the works. We often identify the emotions of such characters in much the same way as we ordinarily identify the emotions of others, but we mi...

• Berdiaev, Nikolai Aleksandrovich

  Berdiaev, Nikolai Aleksandrovich Nikolai Berdiaev, Russian religious idealist, was one of many non-Marxist thinkers expelled from Russia by communist authorities in 1922. Although attracted to Marxism in his youth, even then he tempered it with a Neo-Kantian ethical theory. Well before the Bolshevik Revolution, he became seriously disenchanted with Marxist philosophy (though not with the idea of socialism) and embarked on the career of elaborating a personalistic Christian philosophy that occupi...

• Atomism, ancient

  Atomism, ancient Ancient Greek atomism, starting with Leucippus and Democritus in the fifth century BC, arose as a response to problems of the continuum raised by Eleatic philosophers. In time a distinction emerged, especially in Epicurean atomism (early third century BC), between physically indivisible particles called 'atoms' and absolutely indivisible or 'partless' magnitudes. The term 'atom' (atomon), literally 'uncuttable', was coined in the fifth century BC by the first atomists, Leucippus...

• Art, abstract

  Art, abstract The use of the term 'abstract' as a category of visual art dates from the second decade of the twentieth century, when painters and sculptors had turned away from verisimilitude and launched such modes of abstraction as Cubism, Orphism, Futurism, Rayonism and Suprematism. Two subcategories may be distinguished: first, varieties of figurative representation that strongly schematize, and second, completely nonfigurative or nonobjective modes of design (in the widest sense of that ter...

• Camus, Albert

  Camus, Albert (1913-60) Albert Camus was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1957 for having 'illuminated the problems of the human conscience in our times'. By mythologizing the experiences of a secular age struggling with an increasingly contested religious tradition, he dramatized the human effort to 'live and create without the aid of eternal values which, temporarily perhaps, are absent or distorted in contemporary Europe'(1943). Thus the challenge posed by 'the absurd' with which he is so univ...

• Anaximander

  Anaximander (c.610-after 546 BC) The Greek philosopher Anaximander of Miletus followed Thales in his philosophical and scientific interests. He wrote a book, of which one fragment survives, and is the first Presocratic philosopher about whom we have enough information to reconstruct his theories in any detail. He was principally concerned with the origin, structure and workings of the world, and attempted to account for them consistently, through a small number of principles and mechanisms. Like...

• Aurobindo Ghose

  Aurobindo Ghose (1872-1950) Aurobindo Ghose was a leading Indian nationalist at the beginning of the twentieth century who became a yogin and spiritual leader as well as a prolific writer (in English) on mysticism, crafting a mystic philosophy of Brahman (the Absolute or God). Aurobindo fashioned an entire worldview, a system intended to reflect both science and religion and to integrate several concerns of philosophy - epistemology, ontology, psychology, ethics - into a single vision. Of partic...

• Anaxagoras

  Anaxagoras (500-428 BC) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was a major Greek philosopher of the Presocratic period, who worked in the Ionian tradition of inquiry into nature. While his cosmology largely recasts the sixth-century system of Anaximenes, the focus of the surviving fragments is on ontological questions. The often quoted opening of his book - 'all things were together' - echoes the Eleatic Parmenides' characterization of true being, but signals recognition of time, change and plurality. Even so...

• Asmus, Valentin Ferdinandovich

  Asmus, Valentin Ferdinandovich (1894-1975) One of the most accomplished thinkers in the Soviet Marxist tradition, Asmus wrote extensively in many areas of philosophy, and was widely regarded as the Soviet Union's principal Kant scholar. Early in his career, he became associated with the influential school of 'dialecticians' led by A.M. Deborin and produced a number of significant writings in the history of philosophy. When Deborin and his followers were condemned as 'Menshevizing idealists' in 1...

• Aristotelianism, Renaissance

  Aristotelianism, Renaissance By the Renaissance here is meant the period of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries during which there was a deliberate attempt, especially in Italy, to pattern cultural activities on models drawn from antiquity. However, Aristotelianism during that period was not cut off from medieval developments, since earlier interests and topics of discussion still held the attention of philosophers, theologians and non-academic intellectuals. Moreover, given that Aristoteliani...

• Augustinianism

  Augustinianism The influence of Augustine on Western philosophy is exceeded in duration, extent and variety only by that of Plato and Aristotle. Augustine was an authority not just for the early Middle Ages, when he was often the lone authority, but well into modern times. He was in many ways the principal author in contention during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, and in France alone he was variously received by authors as diverse as Montaigne, Descartes, Malebranche, Arnauld and Pasca...

• Aristotle (384-322 BC)

  Aristotle (384-322 BC) Aristotle of Stagira is one of the two most important philosophers of the ancient world, and one of the four or five most important of any time or place. He was not an Athenian, but he spent most of his life as a student and teacher of philosophy in Athens. For twenty years he was a member of Plato's Academy; later he set up his own philosophical school, the Lyceum. During his lifetime he published philosophical dialogues, of which only fragments now survive. The 'Aristote...

• Atheism

  Atheism Atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. It proposes positive disbelief rather than mere suspension of belief. Since many different gods have been objects of belief, one might be an atheist with respect to one god while believing in the existence of some other god. In the religions of the west - Judaism, Christianity and Islam - the dominant idea of God is of a purely spiritual, supernatural being who is the perfectly good, allpowerful, all-knowing creator of everyth...

• Certeau, Michel de

  Certeau, Michel de (1925-86) Michel de Certeau, a French philosopher trained in history and ethnography, was a peripatetic teacher in Europe, South America and North America. His thought has inflected four areas of philosophy. He studied how mysticism informs late-medieval epistemology and social practice. With the advent of the Scientific Revolution, the affinities the mystic shares with nature and the cosmos become, like religion itself, repressed or concealed. An adjunct discipline, heterolog...

• Cassirer, Ernst

  Cassirer, Ernst (1874-1945) Cassirer is one of the major figures in the development of philosophical idealism in the first half of the twentieth century. He is known for his philosophy of culture based on his conception of 'symbolic form', for his historical studies of the problem of knowledge in the rise of modern philosophy and science and for his works on the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. Cassirer expanded Kant's critique of reason to a critique of culture by regarding the symbol as the...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Adverbs

  Adverbs Adverbs are so named from their role in modifying verbs and other non-nominal expressions. For example, in ‘John ran slowly', the adverb ‘slowly' modifies ‘ran' by characterizing the manner of John's running. The debate on the semantic contribution of adverbs centres on two approaches. On the first approach, adverbs are understood as predicate operators: for example, in ‘John ran slowly', ‘ran' would be taken to be a predicate and ‘slowly' an operator affecting its meaning. Working this...

• Chisholm, Roderick Milton

  Chisholm, Roderick Milton (1916-) Chisholm is an important analytic philosopher of the second half of the twentieth century. His work in epistemology, metaphysics and ethics is characterized by scrupulous attention to detail, the use of a few basic, undefined or primitive terms, and extraordinary clarity. One of the first Anglo-American philosophers to make fruitful use of Brentano and Meinong, Chisholm translated many of Brentano's philosophical writings. As one of the great teachers, Chisholm...

• Belief

  Belief We believe that there is coffee over there; we believe the special theory of relativity; we believe the Vice-Chancellor; and some of us believe in God. But plausibly what is fundamental is believing that something is the case - believing a proposition, as it is usually put. To believe a theory is to believe the propositions that make up the theory, to believe a person is to believe some proposition advanced by them; and to believe in God is to believe the proposition that God exists. Thus...